Definition of breastfeeding
milk is the healthiest form of milk for human babies. [1] There are some exceptions, as when the mother is taking certain drugs or is infected with tuberculosis or HIV. Breastfeeding promotes health, helps prevent diseases and reduced spending on health and nutrition. [2] [3] [4] The artificial feeding is associated with deaths from diarrhea in infants countries in the developed and developing countries. [5 Expert] agreed that breastfeeding is beneficial, but can not agree on the duration of breastfeeding is more beneficial and the risks of using artificial formulas. [6] [7] [8]
Stressing the value of breastfeeding for mothers and children, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) both recommend exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life, and supplemented breastfeeding for at least one and up to two years or more. [9] [10] While recognizing the superiority of breastfeeding, regulating authorities are also working to minimize risks of food artificial [7].
The acceptability of breastfeeding in public varies according to culture and country. In Western culture, but most nursing approved mother, some mothers may be reluctant to do so for fear of public opinion [what!].
Not all properties of breast milk are understood, but its content of nutrients is relatively stable. Breast milk is made of nutrients in the blood of the mother and physical stores. Breast milk contains the right amount of fat, sugar, water and protein is necessary for a baby's growth and development [11]. Because breastfeeding uses an average of 500 calories a day, helps mother to lose weight after birth [12]. The composition of milk varies according to the time the baby takes at each session, and the child's age. The quality of breast milk a mother can be compromised by smoking, alcohol, drinks containing caffeine, marijuana, methamphetamine, heroin and [ Methadone 13].
Benefits infantScientific research, as studies summarized in a 2007 study by the United States Agency for Research and Quality of Health Care (AHRQ) [14] and a 2007 WHO study [15], has many benefits of breastfeeding for children. These include:
Less enterocolitis necrotizing in preterm infants
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is an acute inflammatory disease in the intestines of infants. Necrosis or death of intestinal tissue may follow. It is found mainly in premature births. In a study of 926 premature infants, NEC developed in 51 infants (5.5%). The mortality rate of necrotizing enterocolitis was 26%. NEC has been found in six to ten times more common in exclusively breast-fed infants, and three times more common in infants fed a mixing breast milk and formula, against exclusive breastfeeding. Among children born more than 30 weeks, NEC has been twenty times more common in babies fed exclusively formula [16]. A 2007 meta-analysis of four randomized controlled trials found "a marginally significant association" between breastfeeding and reduced risk of NEC [14].
Great immune health
During breastfeeding antibodies passed to the children [17]. Milk breast contains several anti-infective factors, such as bile salt stimulated lipase (protecting against amoebic infections), lactoferrin (which binds to iron and inhibits intestinal bacteria growth) [18] [19] and immunoglobulin A protects against microorganisms [20].
Fewer infections
Among the studies showing that children breastfed have less risk of infection than non-breastfed infants are:
In 1993 the University of Texas Medical Department study, a longer period of breastfeeding is associated with a shorter duration of certain middle ear infections (otitis media with effusion) in the first two years of life [21].
A study 1995 of 87 children, breastfed children had half the incidence of diarrheal diseases, 19% fewer cases of infections, otitis media, and 80% less prolonged cases of otitis media formula-fed infants during the first year of life [22].
Breastfeeding appears to reduce symptoms of respiratory tract Upper tract infections in premature infants up to seven months after leaving the hospital in a 2002 study of 39 children [23].
A case study 2004-control showed that breastfeeding reduces the risk of urinary tract infections in children up to seven months of age, the strongest protection immediately after delivery [24].
The 2007 report of the AHRQ found that breast feeding reduces the risk of acute otitis media, non-specific gastroenteritis and less severe respiratory infections [14].
It is less likely to develop allergic diseases (atopy)
Children who are at risk of developing allergic disease (defined as at least one parent or sibling with atopy), atopic syndrome can be prevented or delayed by exclusive breastfeeding for four months whether these benefits can not be present after four months of age. [25] However, the key factor may be the age at which you do not enter the milk instead of the duration period lactation [26]. Atopic dermatitis, the most common form of eczema can be reduced through exclusive breastfeeding beyond 12 weeks in patients with a history family history of atopy, but when breastfeeding beyond 12 weeks in combination with other food events occur independently of eczema on family history [27].
Protection against SIDS
Breastfed babies have a better sleep at 2-3 months. This coincides with the peak incidence of SIDS infants [28]. A study in Münster University has shown that breastfeeding reduces the risk of sudden death syndrome Infant nearly 50% in all ages during childhood. [29]
Brilliance
Studies examining whether infants breastfeeding was associated with higher intelligence more later in life include:
Horwood, Darlow, and Mogridge (2001) tested intelligence quotient (IQ) of 280 children of low birth weight of seven or eight years. [30] Those who were breastfed for more than eight months, had a verbal IQ six points above (which was significantly higher) than breastfed infants for less time compared [30]. They concluded "These findings add to a growing body of evidence suggests that breast milk can food have little long-term benefits for cognitive development of children. "[30]
A 2005 study using data from 2734 pairs of brothers and sisters National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health "evidence [of] a convincing causal link between breastfeeding and intelligence." [31]
In 2006, Der and his colleagues have conducted a prospective cohort study, sibling pairs analysis, and meta-analysis, concluded that "Breastfeeding has little or no effect on intelligence in children. "[32] The researchers were that" most of the observed association between breastfeeding and development Cognitive is the result of confusing the intelligence of the mother. "[32]
The 2007 AHRQ report found "no link between breastfeeding and Child-term cognitive performance. "[14]
The 2007 report of the WHO concluded that "subjects who were breastfed had higher intelligence test performance .... [15]
Two original cohort studies published in 2007 reported neonates with a specific version of FADS2 gene showed a higher IQ 7 points higher on average if they are breastfed, compared with children with less common version of the gene did not show an improvement in breastfeeding. [33 FADS2] affects the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids in human milk, such as docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid, which are known to be related to the development early brain [33]. The researchers said that "Our results support the idea that the state nutritional content of breast milk accounts for differences in human IQ. But this is not a simple all or none connection: it depends to some extent on the genetic makeup of each child. "[34] Researchers wrote "Further research to replicate and explain this specific interaction of genes and environment is guaranteed." [33]
In "The largest randomized trial conducted in the field of human lactation "Between 1996 and 1997 in hospitals and maternity clinics were randomized to Belarus receive or not the promotion of breastfeeding model of the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative [35]. About 13 889 children born in hospitals and polyclinics and monitoring in 2002-2005, those born in hospitals and clinics that receive promotion of breastfeeding has an IQ which ranged from 2.9 to 7.5 points more (which was significantly higher). [35] Because (among other reasons) a randomized trial should monitor maternal IQ, the authors concluded in a 2008 document that "the data provide strong evidence that prolonged and exclusive breastfeeding boosts children's cognitive development." [35]
Diabetes
Infants exclusively breast-fed are less likely to develop type 1 diabetes mellitus as their peers with less breastfeeding and exposure prior to cow's milk and solid foods. [14] [36] Breastfeeding also appears to protect against Type 2 diabetes [14], [15] [37] [38], at least partly because of its effects on the child's weight [38].
Obesity
Food Breastfeeding appears to reduce the risk of extreme obesity among children 39-42 months [39]. The protective effect of breast feeding against obesity is consistent, though small, across many studies, and appears to increase with the duration of breastfeeding. [14] [15] [40]
Other long-term effects on health
In one study, breastfeeding seems to offer no protection against allergies. [41] However, another study has shown that breastfeeding reduces the risk of asthma, allergies, protect against, and provide better protection for babies respiratory infections [intestinal 42].
A review of the association between breastfeeding and celiac disease (CD) concluded that breastfeeding mother, while the introduction of gluten in the diet reduces the risk of CHD. The study could not determine whether breastfeeding delays the symptoms or only offered protection lifetime [43].
An initial study at the University of Wisconsin found that women who were breastfed in infancy may have a lower risk of developing cancer breast than those not breast-fed [44].
Breastfeeding can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease later in life, as indicated by the decrease in cholesterol and C-reactive protein among adult women who were breastfed as infants. [15] [45] Although a 2001 study suggested that adults who were breastfed as infants were lower than arterial compliance of adults who were breastfed as infants [46], the 2007 to examine WHO concluded that breastfed infants' mean blood pressure decreased, "later in life [15]. However, the 2007 revision of AHRQ found that "the relationship between breastfeeding and cardiovascular disease is unclear [14].
Benefits for mothers
breastfeeding women Zanzibar
Breastfeeding is a cost effective way of feeding an infant, and provides the best food for a child at a low cost of nutrients to the mother. exclusive breastfeeding and can often delay the return of lactation amenorrhea fertility, but breastfeeding is an imperfect medium of birth control. During benefits of breastfeeding hormones are released into the body of the mother [17] and the maternal bond can be strengthened [11]. Breastfeeding is possible during pregnancy, but Overall milk production is reduced to one time [47].
Collage
Hormones during lactation may help to strengthen the maternal bond [11]. Education partners how to manage common difficulties is associated with higher breastfeeding rates [48]. I support a mother during breastfeeding may help to family relationships and help build a bond between father and son father [49].
If the mother is absent, an alternative practitioner may be able to feed the baby pumped breast milk. Pump various available for sale and rental assistance for working mothers to feed their babies breast milk as long as they wish. To be effective, the mother must produce and store enough milk to feed the child at the moment is now, and the nursing diet should be comfortable in handling the milk.
Releasing Hormone
Breastfeeding releases oxytocin and prolactin, hormones that relax the mother and make you more to feed her baby [50]. Breastfeeding immediately after birth increases levels of oxytocin in the mother, which makes your uterus contract more quickly and reduce bleeding. Oxytocin, a synthetic hormone used to make the contractions of the uterus during and after childbirth, the model is structurally oxytocin [51].
[Edit] Weight Loss
As the fat accumulated during pregnancy is used for the production of milk, prolonged breastfeeding at six months, at least, can help mothers lose weight. [52] However, the weight loss is highly variable among lactating women, monitoring diet and increase the amount / intensity of exercise most reliable ways to lose weight. [53] The AHRQ review found that the 2007 "The effect of breastfeeding among mothers weight returned to pre-pregnancy is negligible, and the effect of lactation on maternal weight loss after birth was difficult. "[14]
[Infertility Edit] natural Postpartum
Breastfeeding can delay the return fertility in some women, eliminating ovulation. A breastfeeding woman can not ovulate or who have at regular intervals during the lactation period. The period during which is absent ovulation is different for every woman. This pregnancy was used as an imperfect form of natural contraception, with greater efficiency to 98% during the first six months after birth if specific care behaviors are observed. [54] It is possible that some women ovulate within two months after birth through breastfeeding.
[Edit] Effects of long-term health
For women who are nursing, health benefits in the long term include:
Reduced risk of breast cancer, ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer y. [10] [14] [55] [56]
A 2009 study indicates that breastfeeding for at least 24 months is associated with a decrease of 23% the risk of coronary heart disease [57].
Although the 2007 review of AHRQ found "no relationship between history of breastfeeding and the risk of osteoporosis [14], mothers who breastfeed for more than eight months benefit from re-mineralize [Bone 58].
Nursing mothers need less insulin for diabetes [59].
Reducing the risk of postpartum hemorrhage [51].
According to a study published Malmö University in 2009, women who breastfed for longer have a lower risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis than women who breastfed for shorter periods or who have never breastfed [60].
[Edit] mentions the organization
[Edit] from the World Health Organization
"The vast majority of mothers can and should breastfeeding, since the vast majority of children can and should be breastfed. Only in exceptional circumstances can a mother's milk is considered inappropriate for children. For health situations in which children can not or should not be breastfed, the choice of best milk - extracted from a mother's own baby, breast milk a healthy mother of a man or a milk bank or a substitute for breast milk in a cup run, which is a safer method than a feeding bottle and teat - Depends on individual circumstances [9]. "
WHO recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life, then 'infants should receive complementary foods nutritionally adequate and safe, while continuing breastfeeding up to two years or more. [9]
[Edit] American Academy of Pediatrics
"Extensive research using improved epidemiologic methods and modern profit laboratory techniques documents diverse and compelling for infants mothers, families and society of breastfeeding and the use of human milk for infant feeding. These benefits include health, nutritional, immunological, genetic, psychological, social, economic, and environmental benefits [10]. "
The AAP recommends exclusive breastfeeding during the first six months. [10] Moreover, "Breast feeding should be continued for at least the first year of life and beyond, if desired by both parties mother and child. [10]
[Edit] Breastfeeding Problems
Main article: Breastfeeding difficulties
Although breastfeeding is a natural human activity, the difficulties are not uncommon. Put your baby to breast as soon as possible after birth helps to avoid many problems. Politics AAP breastfeeding says: Delay weighing, bathing, stinging, and eye prophylaxis until after the first feeding is completed. [10] Many breastfeeding difficulties can be resolved with proper hospital procedures, although midwives, medical consultants and hospital staff and nursing [61]. There are situations where breastfeeding feeding can be dangerous for the baby, whose HIV infection and acute intoxication by environmental pollutants such as lead. [42] The Institute of Medicine indicates that breast surgery, including breast implants or breast reduction surgery, reduces the likelihood that a woman has enough milk to breastfeed. [62] Rarely, a mother may not be able to produce milk due to prolactin deficiency. This can be caused by Sheehan's syndrome, a rare result of a low sudden blood pressure during labor usually due to hemorrhage. In developed countries, many working mothers do not breastfeed because of work pressures. For example, a mother of the need for frequent breaks for pumping, and find a job clean, quiet and private for pumping. These problems may cause mothers to stop breast-feeding and infant feeding in place.
[Edit] HIV infection
As breastfeeding can transmit HIV from mother to child UNAIDS should avoid all breastfeeding when replacement feeding is acceptable, feasible, affordable and safe. [63] Qualifications are important. Some components of human milk may protect against infection. High levels of certain polyunsaturated fatty acids in breast milk (including eicosadienoic acid, arachidonic and gamma-linolenic acid) are associated with a reduced risk of infection of children breastfed by mothers when HIV-positive. Arachidonic acid and gamma-linolenic acid may also reduce viral shedding of HIV in breast milk [64]. For this reason, developing nations in rates child mortality are lower when HIV-positive mothers to breastfeed their children when using infant formula. However, the differences in infant mortality rates have not been reported in the most appropriate resource areas [65]. treating infants prophylactically with lamivudine (3TC) may help reduce HIV transmission from mother to child through breastfeeding [66]. If free or subsidized formula given to mothers infected with HIV, the recommendations have been made to minimize the potential disadvantages such as disclosure of HIV status of the mother [67].
[Edit children] weight gain
Breastfed infants in general, weight gain according to the following guidelines:
0-4 months: 6 ounces per week †
4-6 months: 4-5 ounces per week
6-12 months: 2-4 ounces per week
† It is acceptable for some babies to gain 4-5 ounces per week. This average is calculated from non-low weight, weight at birth.
The average breastfed baby doubles birth weight in 5-6 months. In one year, a typical breast-fed baby weighs about 2 ½ times its weight at birth. In one year, breastfed babies tend to be leaner than bottle-fed babies. [68] In two years, differences in weight gain and growth among infants fed with breast milk are more [obvious 69].
[Edit] The methods and considerations
Many books and videos to advise mothers about breastfeeding. advisers breastfeeding in hospitals or private clinics Charities and breastfeeding mothers as a La Leche League International also offer advice and support.
[Edit] breastfeeding mother
After half an hour after birth, the baby's sucking reflex is strongest, and the baby is more alert, is the ideal time to initiate breastfeeding [70]. Early breastfeeding is associated with decreased feeding problems during the night. [71]
[Edit] Date and place of breastfeeding
Breastfeeding at least every two or three hours helps to maintain milk production. For most women, eight sessions pumping or breastfeeding for 24 hours of continuous production of milk. [10] [not in citation] Since the newborn may feed more often than this: 10-12 sessions for breast cancer every 24 hours is common, and some even can feed 18 times a day [72]. Feeding a baby "on demand" (a sometimes called "index"), means feeding when the baby shows signs of hunger, food in this way and not by the clock helps keep milk production and ensure that the baby needs milk and comfort are met. [Citation needed] However, it may be important to recognize whether a baby has a lot of hungry, because often the breast feeding may mean that the child receives a disproportionately high amount of foremilk and not enough This milk [73].
"The experienced nursing mothers know that sucking patterns and needs of children vary. While some babies sucking needs place mainly during feeding, babies may need to suck more than another in the chest shortly after a meal, even if they are really hungry. Babies also can breastfeed when they are alone, afraid or in pain. "[74]
"Comfortable and meeting needs is suction original design in nature. Pacifiers (dummies, soothers) are a surrogate mother when they are not available. Other reasons to calm a baby include more high, mainly in the oral and facial development, prolonged amenorrhea, to avoid confusion and nipple stimulation sufficient milk production to achieve higher success rates of breastfeeding. "[74]
Rooming bed
Most U.S. states have laws that allow a mother to breastfeed your baby anywhere you are allowed. In hospitals, nursing homes that the child can remain with the mother and improves the ease of breastfeeding. Some institutions company offering to breastfeeding rooms, although laws generally specify that mothers can breastfeed anywhere, without having to go to a special area. rooms dedicated breastfeeding is generally preferred by women who are expressing milk while the baby outside.
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